Notes

1. Rupert Tomsho, "Dumping Grounds: Indian Tribes Contend with Some of the Worst of America's Pollution," Wall Street Journal, November 29, 1990, A-1, A-6.

2. Associated Press, in the Syracuse Herald-American, July, 15, 1990.

3. Lloyd Benedict, New York State Assembly Hearings, Crisis at Akwesasne, Day 1 (Ft. Covington, New York) July 24, 1990, transcript 289-92.

4. Massena Observer, December 8, 1981; cited in Cornell University American Indian Program, "Significant Dates, Events, and Findings in the Akwesasne-General Motors Environmental Situation," n.d., 5. Transcript in Cornell AIP files.

5. Ibid.

6. Syracuse Post-Standard, December 21, 1981.

7. Cornwall Standard-Freeholder, January 7, 1982.

8. Watertown Daily Times, January 12, 1982.

9. Syracuse Post-Standard, January 19, 1982.

10. Massena Observer, July 21, 1983.

11. Advance News (Ogdensburg, New York), July 17, 1983.

12. Massena Observer, August 18, 1983.

13. Ibid.

14. Watertown Daily Times, November 28, 1983. The memo was dated February 2, 1982.

15. Ibid.

16. Indian Time, July 27, 1983.

17. Ibid.

18. October 10, 1984, WSLU-FM, public radio at St. Lawrence University, Canton, New York, broadcast report. Transcript in Cornell AIP files.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

22. Tomsho, "Dumping Grounds," Wall Street Journal, November 29, 1990.

23. Ward Stone, New York State Assembly Hearings, Crisis at Akwesasne, Day II (Albany, New York), August 2, 1990, transcript, 295.

24. Ibid, 288.

25. Ibid, 289.

26. Ibid.

27. Lloyd Benedict, New York State Assembly Hearings, Crisis at Akwesasne, Day I, transcript, 289.

28. Im Ransom, letter to the editor, Massena Courier-Observer, November 3, 1990.

29. Jeff Jones, "A Nation Divided," Metroland, June 7-13, 1990, 1.

30. The General Motors ruling was mentioned in the context of a hearing being held December 13 in Saratoga Springs, New York, to determine whether General Electric would be forced to spend $270 million cleaning up PCBs along the Hudson River north of Albany near Fort Edward. General Electric claimed that the clean up was unnecessary because a specialized group of microorganisms in the riverbed could degrade the PCBs. This form of "bioremediation," said to be under development by General Electric and biotechnology concerns, employs cylinders six feet across and sixteen feet long, which are sunk into river bottoms containing some of the 209 varieties of PCBs. The cylinders release bacteria related to those commonly used in sewage-treatment plants and to clean up oil spills. The Journal also reported that the hearing would have a bearing on PCB clean ups in rivers and streams of upstate New York by Reynolds Metals Company and Aluminum Company of America. While General Electric said it is spending $50 million on bioremediation technology, some environmental advocates believe that the research is a public-relations stunt designed to get the company out from under more costly dredging to clean up PCB-laden river bottoms.

31. Wall Street Journal, November 29, 1990.

32. Interview, Ron LaFrance with Bruce E. Johansen, Akwesasne, August 4, 1991.

33. Jeff Bailey, "EPA Complaint against Waste Haulers May Widen Responsibility in Disposal," Wall Street Journal, April 8, 1991, A-6.

34. Ibid.

35. Ward Stone, New York State Assembly Hearings, Crisis at Akwesasne, Day II, transcript, 288.

36. Syracuse Post-Standard, December 20, 1990.

37. "Alcoa to Pay $7.5 Million Fine for Hazardous Waste Violation," Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, July 12, 1991, B-6.

38. Tomsho, "Dumping Grounds," Wall Street Journal, November 29, 1990.

39. Mane Villan, "Man Who Remembers Good Days to Remain," Syracuse Herald-American, June 30, 1991.

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid.

42. Ibid.

43. "Mohawks Seek Help on Environment," Syracuse Post-Standard, May 31, 1990.

44. Ward Stone, New York State Assembly Hearings, Crisis at Akwesasne, Day II, transcript, 288.

45. "Mohawks Seek Help on Environment," Syracuse Post-Standard, May 31, 1990.

46. Michael Hill, "Pollution Ravages St. Regis Reservation," Associated Press, in Syracuse Herald-American, July 15, 1990.

47. Quoted in John E. Milich, "Contaminant Cove: Where Polluters Defile Mohawk Land", The Progressive (January 1989), 25.

48. Tomsho, "Dumping Grounds."

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